Abbasid Dynasty

FACTORS - FACTOR APPEARS Abbasid

Abbasid dynasty that ruled for about six centuries (132-656 AH / 750-1258 AD), founded by Abul Abbas al-Saffah assisted by Abu Muslim al-Khurasani, a Muslim general who came from Khurasan, Presia. Resistance movements against the Umayyad dynasty has actually been done since the early days of the Umayyad dynasty rule, only the movement is always thwarted by the military power of the Umayyads, so the movement can not run movement for genuine opposition groups launched a strong attack. But in times of the end of the Umayyad dynasty, the movement is getting stronger as the number of protests from people who feel they are not satisfied with the performance and policies pemerinatah Umayyad dynasty. This movement found its momentum when the leaders of Bani Hashim dai launched its assault.

The figures include Muhammad bin Ali, one of the family of Abbas, who use the city as a center of activity perlawanana Khufa. Movement of Muhammad ibn Ali received support from groups that are always placed mawali as second-class society. In addition, strong support from Shiite groups who demand their right to rule that had been taken by the Umayyad dynasty Bani. Finally in 132 MH / 750 M, Marwan bin Muhammad can be defeated and killed akhrinya mengenasakan in Fustat, Egypt in 132 AH / 705 AD Since then, the Abbasid dynasty officially began to stand.

PROGRESS IN THE FIELD OF SOCIAL Abbasid CULTURE

As a dynasty, the Abbasid Caliphate in power more than five centuries, has provided a positive contribution to the development of science and civilization of Islam. Of the approximately 37 people who once ruled the caliphate, Caliph there are some people who actually possess the awareness to develop science and Islamic civilization, as well as many other fields, such as areas of social and cultural rights.

Among sosila kemjuan in the field of culture is the process of acculturation and assimilation of the community. Diverse social circumstances that have a positive impact in the development and advancement of Islamic civilization during this period. Because with the knowledge and skills they have, can be used to advance the social and cultural fields other which later became the symbol for the advancement of the socio-cultural and other sciences. Among the socio-cultural advancement of science that exist at the time of the Abbasid Caliph coordination is the art of building and architecture, both for building palaces, mosques, and other municipal buildings. Art asitektur pembangunanan used in palaces and cities, as in the palace Qashrul dzahabi, and Qashrul Khuldi, temporary buildings such as the construction of the city of Baghdad, Samarra and other.

Progress has also occurred in the field of literary language and the art of music. In the mas is born a poet and humanist famous, such as Abu Nawas, Abu Athahiyah, Al Mutanabby, Abdullah bin Muqaffa and others. Work of their ideas can still be read until now, as the book kalilah wa Dimna. While well-known figure in the field of music that is now his work is also still used Jonah bin Sulaiman Khalil bin Ahmad, Islamic music theorist Al Farabi and others.

In addition to the areas mentioned above, there was also progress in the field of education. In those early maa pemerinath Abbasid dynasty, has been widely diushakan by the caliphs to develop the education and promotion. Because they went on to establish educational institutions, ranging from elementary to high tingakat.

PROGRESS IN THE POLITICAL AND MILITARY

Among the characteristics that are very striking differences between the Umayyad dynasty by the Abbasid dynasty, is located on the issuance of a policy orientation.. Umayyad Dynasty government that issued the policy orientation is always the expansionist efforts of his reign. While the Abbasid dynasty government, focusing more efforts on the development of science and civilization of Islam, so that the reign is known as the golden age of Islamic civilization. Even so, efforts to maintain the territory remains an important thing to do. To that end, the Abbasid dynasty government to renew the political system of government and military order.

Coordinated policy for all military and running properly, then the Abbasid government established the department of defense and security, called diwanul Jundi. This is the department which regulates all related to military defense and security. Establishment was based on the fact that in the military political pemertintahan Abbasid dynasty, banayak uprising and even some areas of government trying to separate themselves from the Abbasid Dynasty

PROGRESS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE

The success of the Muslims during the reign of the Abbasid dynasty in the development of science and the science of Islamic civilization as a whole, not apart from the various factors that support. Among these are the Abbasid government policy towards non-Arab communities (mawali), which has the intellectual and cultural traditions that have long research encompasses their lives. They are given in the form of material or financial facilities and a place to continue to study science through a variety of reference materials that have been written or reviewed by the previous. The policy was a very positive impact for the development and advancement of science and science that brought this dinasty fragrant.

Thus, many experts in many emerging areas of science, like philosophy, famous philosophers of the time, among others, Al-Kindi (185-260 H / 801-873 AD). Abu Nasr al-faraby, (258-339 H / 870-950 AD) and others. Progress of science and civilization of Islam also occurred in the field of historical science, earth science, astronomy and so on. Among the first historians of the famous Muslim who lived during the time this is Muhammad ibn Ishaq (d. 152 AH / 768 AD).

SCIENCE PROGRESS IN RELIGION ISLAM

The reign of the Abbasid dynasty which lasted for five centuries (750-1258 AD), was recorded as the glory days of Islamic science and civilization. Progress of science and Islamic civilization, especially the progress in science of religion, not loose dariperan well as the clergy and the government is giving strong support, both moral support, material and finansia, to the scholars. Pemeruntah serious attention from scholars who are making want to develop this science had a strong motivation, so they strive to develop and advance science and perdaban Islam. Dianata Islamic science developing and developed the science of Hadith, Tafsir, the science of fiqh and Sufism

Abbasid Destruction

Once in power more or less five centuries (750-1258 AD), finally the 'Abbasids had periods of bleak. This bleak period occurs when the employer after Al-Ma'mun, al-Al-Mutawakkil Mu'tashim and no longer have an enormous power, because the caliphs after more of a puppet of the emirs and the Wajir and Salajikah Buwaihiyah dynasty. The Abbasid caliph in the last period is more concerned with the interests of cloning, rather than public interests. Dereliction of their duties to each other as leaders and heads of state, even many of those who prefer to live bermewah-luxury. In the end they lose the power to uphold the spirit of juan.

This fact dipengaruhui premises Muslim political situation at that time. Antra ethnic conflict and ethnic groups are common, especially the feud between Arabs and Persians with the Turks. The dispute occurred when the Turks had a strategic position dipemerintahan and shifting the position of the Arabs and Persians, which are two tribes that have an important role in the founding of the Abbasid rule. In the reign of Caliph al-Mutawakkil, the stronger the influence of the Turks, Arabs and Persians so jealous. This anti-Turkish attitude eventually led insurgency in each region, who then set up each of the local powers.

Among the local forces are very influential in the process melemahnay Abbasid power was due to the wide area of ​​power so it can not make good the premises of government control throughout the territory, so the opportunity was utilized by local authorities that are far from the central government to break into small kingdoms. Among the small kingdoms that can escape is Buwaihiyah Dynasty (945-1055 AD), Salajiqah Dynasty (1037-1157 AD). Bani Dinasty Fatimids founded in Tunisia in the year 297-323 AH / 909-934 AD by Al Mahdi. This dynasty ruled for a long time, until it was destroyed by Saladin al-Ayyubi. Idrisiyah dynasty founded by Idris ibn Abdullah (172-311 H / 788-932 AD) dynasty was founded by Ibrahim bin Aghlabiyah Aghlab (184-296 H / 800-909 AD), Thuluniyah dynasty, founded by Ahmad ibn Tulun (254 - H/868-905 292 M). Ikhsyidiyah dynasty, founded by Muhammad ibn Tughj (323-358 H / 935-969 AD), Hamdaniyah dynasty, founded by Hamdan bin Hamdan (293-394 AH / 905-1004 AD), Thahriyah dynasty, founded by Tahir ibn Husayn (205 -259 H / AD 821-873), Samanids dynasty, founded by Saman Khuda (261-9-389 H / 874-999 AD).

The emergence of these kingdoms, to some extent weaken the royal power and prestige of Bani Abbas. For at least the influence of income and reduced the caliphs of Bani Abbas. Over time, will bring weakness, deterioration and then destruction of the Abbasid dynasty.

Another issue that also weakens the power of the Abbasid adalh internal conflicts among the Bani Abbas. This conflict is exploited by the newcomers, like the Turks who then controlled system Dinastu Abbasid rule. Even the Turks established the established powers in the region of the Abbasid government and in charge of Baghdad. When the caliph weakened, both militarily or economically, the mercenary forces dominate, so that they create dependency caliph to mercenaries. This dependence is one of the factors causing the weakening of the Abbasid rule.

 By the time all have weaknesses, a new force arrived and tried to destroy the Abbasid dynasty, namely the power of the Mongols. Hulaghu under the leadership of Khan, the city of Baghdad as the center of the Abbasid rule in the melted bullion in 1258 m. Mongols attack marked the end of the reign of the Abbasid dynasty.

by: Fahmi Hidayati

Title Post: Abbasid Dynasty
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